Ukuhlola Izinto Ezivamile Zokubopha
Izinto zokubopha eziningi ziyinsimbi. Njengomuntu osebenza embonini ye-fastener, kuyadingeka ukuqonda izinguquko, umehluko kanye nezicelo. Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto ezisetshenziselwa izinsimbi kubalulekile ekukhetheni okulungile kuhlelo lokusebenza oluthile. Nakhu ukubuka konke kwezinto ezijwayelekile zokubopha, ukuqanjwa kwazo, nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile:
Ⅰ. Insimbi Yekhabhoni
Ukwakheka: Insimbi ye-Carbon iqukethe ngokuyinhloko insimbi enenani elincane lekhabhoni (imvamisa ingaphansi kuka-1.7%) futhi ngezinye izikhathi nezinye izakhi ezifana ne-manganese, i-silicon, noma isulfure.
Amabanga: Insimbi enekhabhoni ephansi (emnene), insimbi enekhabhoni emaphakathi, insimbi enekhabhoni ephezulu.
♦Insimbi ye-carbon ephansi, eyaziwa nangokuthi insimbi emnene, inokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kusuka ku-0.10% kuya ku-0.30%. Insimbi enekhabhoni ephansi kulula ukwamukela ukucutshungulwa okuhlukahlukene njengokubumba, ukushisela nokusika, futhi kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza amaketango, ama-rivets, amabhawudi, amashafti, njll. Ihlanganisa izinsimbi eziningi ezijwayelekile ze-carbon structural nezinye izinsimbi zekhwalithi ephezulu ze-carbon structural. Iningi lazo lisetshenziselwa izingxenye zesakhiwo sobunjiniyela ngaphandle kokwelashwa kokushisa, kanti ezinye zisetshenziselwa izingxenye zemishini ezidinga ukumelana nokugqoka ngemuva kwe-carbonization nokunye ukwelashwa kokushisa.
♦I-Medium carbon steel iyinsimbi ye-carbon ene-carbon content ka-0.25% kuya ku-0.60%. Ngaphezu kwekhabhoni, ingaqukatha nenani elincane le-manganese (0.70% kuya ku-1.20%). Ngokwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo, ihlukaniswe ngensimbi evamile ye-carbon structural kanye nekhwalithi ephezulu ye-carbon structural steel. Inokusebenza okuhle okushisayo nokusika, kepha ukusebenza kabi kwe-welding. Amandla nobulukhuni kuphakeme kunaleyo yensimbi ephansi ye-carbon, kuyilapho ipulasitiki nokuqina kuphansi kune-low carbon steel. Insimbi ye-carbon emaphakathi inezakhiwo ezinhle ezihlanganisa konke ngemuva kokucisha nokushisa. Ngakho-ke, ekusetshenzisweni okuhlukahlukene okunamazinga aphakathi kwamandla, insimbi ye-carbon steel isetshenziswa kakhulu. Ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa njengempahla yokwakha, ibuye isetshenziswe kabanzi ekwenzeni izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zemishini.
♦I-carbon steel ephezulu, evame ukubizwa nge-tool steel, inokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kusuka ku-0.60% kuya ku-1.70% futhi ingaqina futhi ifutheke.
Ukusetshenziswa Okuyinhloko Nezicelo: Okuvamise ukusetshenziselwa izixhumi zenhloso ejwayelekile njengeamabhawodi, amantongomane,izikulufu, kanye nezinsimbi. Zinikeza amandla amahle futhi zingabizi. Ukwelashwa okungaphezulu okufana ne-zinc plating kungasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala.
Ⅱ. Insimbi engagqwali
Ukwakheka: Ingxubevange yensimbi, i-chromium (okuqukethwe kwe-Chromium 12% kuya ku-30%), nezinye izakhi ezifana ne-nickel, i-molybdenum, ne-nitrogen. Okuqukethwe kwe-chromium kunikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu.
I-Chromium iyingxenye eyisisekelo eyenza insimbi engagqwali imelane nokugqwala. Uma okuqukethwe kwe-chromium kunsimbi kufinyelela cishe ku-1.2%, i-chromium ihlangana nomoya-mpilo endaweni ebolayo ukuze yakhe ifilimu ye-oxide ezacile kakhulu (ifilimu elizihambelayo) endaweni yensimbi, engavimbela ukugqwala okuqhubekayo kwe-matrix yensimbi. Ngokungeziwe ku-chromium, izakhi ze-alloying ezivame ukusetshenziswa zifaka i-nickel, i-molybdenum, i-titanium, i-niobium, ithusi, i-nitrogen, njll. ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zenhlangano yensimbi engagqwali nokusebenza kokusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene.
Izinhlobo: I-Austenitic (isb, 201, 304, 316), i-Martensitic (isb, 410, 420), i-Ferritic (isb, 430,446).
Ukusetshenziswa Okuyinhloko Nezicelo: Isetshenziswa ezindaweni lapho ukumelana nokugqwala kubalulekile, njengezimboni zasolwandle, zamakhemikhali, nezilungisa ukudla. Futhi ifanele izicelo zokushisa okuphezulu.
Insimbi engagqwali ngeke idale ukugqwala, ukugqwala, ukugqwala noma ukuguga. Insimbi engagqwali futhi ingenye yezinto eziqine kakhulu phakathi kwezinto zensimbi ezisetshenziswa ekwakheni. Ngenxa yokuthi insimbi engagqwali inokumelana nokugqwala okuhle, ingagcina ubuqotho bomklamo wobunjiniyela wezingxenye zesakhiwo unomphela. Insimbi engagqwali equkethe i-Chromium iphinde ihlanganise amandla emishini nobude obuphakeme, ikwenze kube lula ukucubungula nokwenza izingxenye.
Ⅲ. I-alloy Steel
Ukwakheka: Iqukethe iphesenti eliphezulu lezinto ze-alloying (isb, i-chromium, i-nickel, i-molybdenum, i-vanadium) uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi ye-carbon, ethuthukisa izici ezifana namandla, ubulukhuni, nokuqina.
Uma okuqukethwe kwe-chromium kunsimbi ye-alloy kufinyelela cishe ku-12%, i-chromium oxide eminyene izokwakheka ebusweni bensimbi, okubangele ukuguqulwa okungazelelwe ekumelaneni nokugqwala kwensimbi emithonjeni ye-oxidizing futhi iyithuthukise kakhulu. Izinto ezifana ne-chromium, i-aluminium, ne-silicon zingathuthukisa ukumelana ne-oxidation kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi kuya kumagesi ashisa kakhulu, kodwa i-aluminium eyeqile ne-silicon kuzolimaza i-thermoplasticity yensimbi. I-Nickel isetshenziselwa kakhulu ukwakha nokusimamisa isakhiwo se-austenite, ukuze insimbi ikwazi ukuthola izakhiwo ezinhle zemishini, ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nokusebenza kwenqubo. I-Molybdenum ingadlula ngokushesha insimbi engagqwali ne-asidi futhi ithuthukise ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala ezixazululweni eziqukethe ama-ion e-chloride neminye imithombo yezindaba enga-oxidizing.
Amabanga: Ngokusho kokuqukethwe kwezakhi ze-alloying, ihlukaniswe ngensimbi ephansi ye-alloy (okuqukethwe 10%).
Ukusetshenziswa Okuyinhloko Nezicelo: Isetshenziswa kwizixhumi ezinamandla ezimotweni, i-aerospace, nemishini esindayo, lapho kudingeka khona amandla amakhulu okuqinile nokumelana nokuguga.
Ⅳ. Ithusi
Ukwakheka: Ithusi elihlanzekile noma ama-alloys anenani elincane lezinye izinsimbi njenge-tin (ithusi) noma i-zinc (ithusi).
Ithusi, insimbi ecwebezelayo ngokubomvu, inobukhulu obungu-8.92 g/cm3. Iphuzu elincibilikayo 1083.4±0.2℃, indawo yokubilisa 2567℃. I-Copper ingenye yezinsimbi zakuqala ezatholwa abantu futhi enye yezinsimbi ezihlanzekile ezihamba phambili. Iqinile kancane, iqine kakhulu futhi ayigugi. Iphinde ibe ne-ductility enhle. Ine-conductivity enhle ye-thermal kanye nogesi. Ithusi namanye ama-alloys ayo anokumelana nokugqwala okuhle futhi azinzile emoyeni owomile. Kodwa emoyeni onomswakama, ungqimba lwe-carbonate yethusi eyisisekelo lungakhiqizwa endaweni yalo, olubizwa ngokuthi i-verdigris. Iyancibilika ku-nitric acid kanye ne-hot concentrated sulfuric acid, futhi inyibilika kancane ku-hydrochloric acid. Igqwala kalula yi-alkali.
Ukusetshenziswa Okuyinhloko Nezicelo: Yaziwa ngokusebenza kahle kakhulu kukagesi kanye nokumelana nokugqwala. Izinsimbi zethusi nezethusi zivame ukusetshenziswa ekuxhumekeni kukagesi nasezintweni zasolwandle.
Ⅴ. I-Aluminium
Ukwakheka: I-aluminium ehlanzekile noma ama-alloys e-aluminium, angafaka izinto ezifana nethusi, i-magnesium, i-silicon, noma i-zinc.
I-Aluminium iyinsimbi ecwebezelayo eyisiliva emhlophe enobukhulu obungu-2.702 g/cm3, indawo yokuncibilika engu-660.37℃, kanye nephoyinti elibilayo elingu-2467℃. Ine-conductivity enhle ye-thermal, conductivity kagesi kanye ne-ductility. I-Aluminium ibizwa ngokuthi i-elementi yensimbi esebenzayo, kodwa ifilimu ye-oxide eminyene izokwakheka endaweni yayo emoyeni, ivimbele ukuthi ingaqhubeki nokusabela ngomoya-mpilo namanzi. Ingasabela nge-oxygen emazingeni okushisa aphezulu ukuze ikhulule inani elikhulu lokushisa. Umgomo wokusabela kwe-thermite ungasetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni, okufana nomzila wensimbi wokushisela, izinsimbi ezincibilikisayo ezincibilikayo, nokwenza i-pyrotechnics yendabuko.
Ukusetshenziswa Okuyinhloko Nezicelo: Ingasindi futhi imelana nokugqwala, okuyenza ilungele i-aerospace, yezimoto, nezinhlelo zokusebenza zasolwandle. Izinsimbi ze-aluminium nazo zisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni nasezintweni zikagesi ngenxa yesisindo sazo esiphansi kanye nezakhiwo ezingezona uzibuthe.
Amazinga
• ISO(Inhlangano Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yokumisa): Ihlinzeka ngamazinga omhlaba asebenza emhlabeni jikelele.
• GB(Guobiao, China National Standard): Amazinga kazwelonke aseShayina.
• KUSUKA(Deutsches Institut für Normung, German Institute for Standardization): Amazinga aseJalimane, aqashelwa kabanzi emhlabeni jikelele.
• AISI/SAE(I-American Iron and Steel Institute / Society of Automotive Engineers): Izindinganiso zaseMelika, ikakhulukazi izinsimbi.
• HE(Japanese Industrial Standards): Izindinganiso zaseJapane, ezivame ukusetshenziswa emazweni ase-Asia.
Impahla ngayinye inesethi yayo yezinzuzo futhi ikhethwa ngokusekelwe ezidingweni ezithile zohlelo lokusebenza, njengamandla, ukumelana nokugqwala, izinga lokushisa, nezindleko. Kubalulekile ukukhetha okokusebenza okufanele kanye nebanga ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi isibambiso sisebenza ngokwethembeka endaweni esihlosiwe.
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